Social Marketing Helps National Park Campers Keep Food Away From Wildlife

By

NPT Staff
February 27, 2026

Black bear standing on hind legs sniffing the top of a dumpster
When national park visitors are educated on the benefits of keeping campsites clean, their behavior improves / NPS, Jim Peaco.

Research shows that when national park visitors are educated on the benefits of keeping campsites clean, their behavior improves. The finding came from researchers from two universities, who developed and tested a social marketing campaign to help increase compliance with food storage rules in national parks. They found that compliance was generally higher in areas with the campaign than in those without it. 
 
The strategies the researchers used included giving campers packing and organizational tips in a pre-arrival email. These enhanced campers’ capability to properly store food. Signs and report cards encouraging certain behaviors gave campers opportunities to act. The campaign hook, “Clean Campsite, Clear Conscience” motivated campers by supporting their desire to have a relaxing vacation and avoid fines, feelings of guilt, or social embarrassment.

The researchers tested their campaign at campgrounds in Acadia National Park, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, and Grand Teton National Park. They selected treatment and control areas from similar campgrounds within the same park. At the control sites, all signs, communication materials, and processes remained unchanged. At the treatment sites, the researchers covered or changed existing signs but didn’t add any signs.
 
The researchers collected over 5,000 observations across the four parks. They found that compliance in treatment areas was up to 13 percent higher than in control areas at three of the four sites. There was no significant change in compliance at the fourth site, possibly because compliance was already high there. As expected, the sites with existing bear boxes had higher levels of compliance at both the control and treatment sites than sites without bear boxes. "The campaign was super simple and very effective,” said Coleman. “We could see how effective this messaging is."

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