Dry Tortugas National Park is just one of 419 units of the National Park System that have deferred maintenance in some amount/NPS file

Editor's note: This story has been corrected to reflect that the annual dispersal of the $6.5 billion over five years is expected to be $1.3 billion, not $1.5 billion.

Passage by the House of Representatives of the Great American Outdoors Act this week would queue up $6.5 billion for the National Park Service to use in tackling backlogged maintenance work, but it won't solve the problem, according to an outside economist.

"This is a Band-Aid. It's fine, it's good to get some money, an infusion of cash, to solve some of these problems, that's great," Margaret Walls, a senior fellow at Resources For the Future, said Monday during a phone call. "But it doesn't really address the long-term problem, which, as you said, the deficit grows every year and they continue to add to this list of projects that need to be done.

"Unless you have a better ongoing funding situation for the parks, you're still going to run into this problem over time."

While the Park Service stands to get an additional $6.5 billion to spend over five years from the GAOA to address the maintenance issue, the backlog has been growing at hundreds of millions of dollars per year in recent years ($313 million during Fiscal 2018), annual sums that will whittle away at the $1.3 billion expected to be made available annually through this funding.

Indeed, nearly $700 million was spent during Fiscal 2018 on maintenance projects, yet the backlog is still about $12 billion.

"I think it would make a dent probably in some of the more serious problems that have been on the to-do list," Walls said of the $6.5 billion.

"Some parks have a really high number, and some do not," she said. "And some of the ones that have a high number are things like the George Washington Parkway and the Blue Ridge Parkway and the National Mall in D.C. Things like that. I don't know how they're (the NPS) going to allocate the money they get."

A Money Pit

There are many unanswered questions, at least publicly, tied to how the National Park Service might spend $6.5 billion for backlogged maintenance if the Great American Outdoors Act is passed by Congress and signed into law by the president.

How will the money be distributed across the 419 units of the National Park System? Yosemite National Park alone had roughly $645 million in backlogged maintenance at the end of FY18, Yellowstone's tally was $585.5 million, and the National Mall and Memorial Parks had nearly $655 million. Those three units alone could use the first $1.3 billion installment.

Then, too, the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site in Tennessee had $1.7 million in FY18 deferred maintenance, of which more than $461,000 was tied to facilities at the park. Horseshoe Bend National Military Park in Alabama was looking at more than $4.5 million in deferred maintenance, the bulk -- $3.4 million -- tied to road needs. Pinnacles National Park in California reported $10.6 million, of which nearly $6 million was linked to road needs and roughly $1.6 million associated with water systems.

Then there are 413 other units in the National Park System that have needs of greatly varying dollar amounts.

Road and bridge needs account for roughly half of the deferred maintenance across the National Park System/NPS file

Realizing that, it must be accepted that while the $6.5 billion will be a step forward for the Park Service, it shouldn't be viewed as a panacea for the financially strapped agency that oversees parks from the Pacific Ocean at National Park of American Samoa to Virgin Islands National Park in the Caribbean, and from Noatak National Preserve in northern Alaska to Big Bend National Park on the U.S.-Mexico border.

“The Great Americans Outdoors Act will be a huge success for repairing our national parks and other public lands. But it is not a be-all, end-all solution to the challenge of parks keeping up with needed repairs," said John Garder, senior director of budget and appropriations for the National Parks Conservation Association.

"They have the largest share of assets in the federal government, outside the Department of Defense, and repairing that infrastructure takes funding, and more will need to be done outside of this bill in the long run," Garder added during a phone call.

As roughly half of the $12 billion backlog the Park Service faces is tied to roads and bridges, Congress has been trying to provide additional dollars for the parks through transportation bills. However, with significant differences currently between the House and the Senate when it comes to infrastructure legislation, how soon that influx arrives is unknown.

"The Senate passed through committee their transportation bill (America’s Transportation Infrastructure Act) with unanimous support last July," said Emily Douce, director of budget and approriations for NPCA. "The hope is that they’ll pair it with some of the wastewater and drinking water infrastructure legislation as a start of an infrastructure package. However, the holdup is how to pay for it.

"The Senate bill, if enacted, would provide $1.73 billion (under the current FAST, the parks receive $1.42 billion) for national parks over five years through the National Parks Transportation Program," she added. "The parks are eligible for other competitive programs as well, such as the Nationally Significant Federal Lands and Tribal Projects Program.

"The House just passed the Moving Forward Act (infrastructure package) which includes the Invest in America Act providing additional funding for parks," said Douce. "The House bill, if enacted, would provide $1.999 billion over five years for national parks in the Federal Lands Transportation Program with the eligibility to receive more in other programs like the Senate bill."

At the Pew Charitable Trusts' Restore America's Parks program, Marcia Argust was optimistic the Park Service would be able to make, and sustain, progress in keeping its sprawling park system repaired.

"Enactment of the GAO Act will be a tremendous step in tackling critical repairs within our national parks. The $12 billion backlog won’t disappear overnight, but with continued annual funding for preventive maintenance, policy improvements in the pending surface transportation reauthorization act, and new technologies, the National Park Service will be well-situated to keep pace with repairs," she said Monday via email.

No Overnight Fix

When it comes to making repairs to historic structures, costs and delays can escalate. At Death Valley National Park, repairs and restoration work at Scotty's Castle related to an October 2015 thunderstorm underscores the problems associated with large projects involving historic structures.

In that instance, there hasn't been one single general contractor for all repairs at the historic facility. Designs are done by architecture and engineering firms. Other companies handle construction. Each project has been progressing on its own schedule, depending on design complexity, potential impacts to natural or cultural resources, and unplanned issues.

Cleaning up and repairing storm damage inflicted on Scotty's Castle in Death Valley National Park in October 2015 has not been quick or easy/NPS file

Each project’s "next step" is for specialists to review the design documents for impacts to the historic district in Grapevine Canyon.

“People ask why it’s taking so long,” Abby Wines, the park's management assistant, told the Traveler last fall. “I don’t think they understand how much damage happened in the flood. We had many decisions to make about how to do the repairs. Scotty’s Castle is such a special historic place. It’s better to do this right than to do this fast.”

Slowing the work can be the need to prepare environmental assessments, which are open to public review, and consulting with state historic preservation offices, ensuring the work complies with the National Environmental Policy Act, and complying with Section 106 of the Historic Preservation Act.

Currently, Scotty's Castle is expected to reopen to the public in fall 2021.

Then, too, is the question of which projects are "shovel ready," projects that can be started tomorrow?

"When I've talked with state park systems, which also have their own backlogs, deferred maintenance backlogs, I have been told that it's hard to spend money quickly and do big construction projects, or not just even big construction projects but just to get work done in a timely manner," said Walls. "So, it might be great to get this infusion of money, but I don't know if they're going to be able to tackle all these problems lickety-split."

NPCA's Garder agreed that the timeline to put the full $6.5 billion to work on the ground in the park system could be longer than five years.

“The bill allows for funds to be kept in an interest-bearing account while the Park Service is engaged in the complex planning that’s needed for some of these larger projects," he said. "So, according to the Congressional Budget Office, the larger projects would take longer to plan, the funds that would be seeded into the account would bear interest so that the amount of backlog that would be addressed would be over $7 billion.

"Additionally, there’s a provision in there that allows for matching funds, so if there were philanthropic interest in helping with some of those projects, between the two we could see a more significant amount than this $6.5 billion.”

Is GAOA A Jobs Bill?

There also is hope in some circles that the legislation will prove to be a jobs creator at a time when Covid-19 has been a sea anchor of sorts on the economy. That remains to be seen.

"Maybe the time we're in it won't be too hard as normal to get workers and get them going on these projects," Walls said. "I don't know if that's going to be the case or not. Covid could actually make it worse. I think there's a hope that this is going to be a boost to employment."

U.S. Bureau of Labor statistics numbers obtained by Resources For the Future show that "an estimated 7.7 million jobs were lost in 'leisure and hospitality' industries due to Covid, many of those jobs in the tourism sector.

RFF looked at five Western national park gateway communities -- West Yellowstone, Montana, outside the west entrance to Yellowstone National Park; Springdale, Utah, near Zion National Park; Estes Park, Colorado, near Rocky Mountain National Park; Moab, Utah, just outside Arches National Park; and Cortez, Colorado, close to Mesa Verde National Park -- and found most were heavily dependent on park tourism business.

"The numbers confirm our assumptions about the intrinsic vulnerability of gateway communities to the current recession. All of the towns have a greater share of jobs in tourism than the region as a whole," said an RFF blog from earlier this year. "The percent varies across the communities, however. The smaller towns—Springdale (the smallest) and West Yellowstone—are more dependent on tourism than the others. In West Yellowstone, 37 percent of all jobs are in tourism-related businesses. Cortez is the largest and most diversified of the five towns, though it still has roughly twice as many jobs in tourism-related industries (as a share of total jobs) than the Mountain West region as a whole."

Accepting that, the possibility of an infusion of money to tackle park maintenance could help local economics, RFF's researchers believe.

"The Great American Outdoors Act could help communities recover from the economic fallout generated by the pandemic. To be clear, the main purpose of the bill is to provide much-needed financial support for our chronically underfunded parks and public lands," they wrote earlier this year. "In our view, the bill stands on its merits for this alone. But at this time of great need, it might also provide an economic boost in the rural communities that need it most."