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Inupiat Heritage Center On Top Of The World

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Published Date

July 30, 2010

The Inupiat Heritage Center is the northern-most unit of the National Park System, and is where you go to learn about the Inupait culture. At the center you can find artworks by artists such as Gilford. Photos by Danny Bernstein.

Greetings from Barrow, Alaska at the “top of the world” and the northern-most city in the United States. It’s also the home of the northern-most National Park Service unit – the Inupiat Heritage Center. This unit was the subject of a super question in one of Professor Bob’s quizzes.

I have come to Barrow on a one-day tour from Anchorage, a long and expensive trip. Lenny, my husband, and I are treating Alaska as if it were a foreign country; it’s a long way from our home in Asheville, North Carolina, and who knows if we’ll ever come back again. Barrow, on the Arctic Ocean, 330 miles north of the Arctic Circle, is in the North Slope Borough and home to about 6,000 people. The Inupiat, the native people of Barrow, make up about 75 percent of the population; Inupiat means "real" or "genuine."

Our tour bus consists of a group of seven tourists from Turkey, a couple from Sydney, a couple from Oklahoma and us. Ryan, our tour guide, is a very enthusiastic young man who doesn’t pretend to be an expert on his people. He seems to be constantly learning and is as thrilled as us to spot a snow owl today and as disappointed to not find a polar bear. But it’s OK with me. As I tell visitors in the Smokies, “I can’t promise that you’ll see an elk – this ain’t Disneyworld.”

In Barrow, houses are on stilts because permafrost coats the ground from about 2.5 feet to 350 feet. If you built your house directly on the ground, you’d melt some of the permafrost and the house would shift. Permafrost determines so much of the infrastructure in Barrow – the utilities, sewer lines, telephone system, even how people are buried. Bodies are sent down to Anchorage for embalming, and then brought back to Barrow where they’re buried 15 feet below in the permafrost. The cemeteries just have wooden crosses, not monuments.

The Inupiat culture depends on subsistence whaling – here subsistence means that the rural community traditionally hunted whales and can continue this practice under controlled conditions. The community is allowed to catch 21 whales in the spring and another 21 in the fall.

The Inupiat Heritage Center explains every stage of the whaling ritual. A huge whale suspended from the ceiling greets the visitor. The displays include whaling tools, ivory sculpture, dolls dressed in traditional parkas, and old photographs of the celebrations after a successful whale hunt. A temporary photography exhibit shows the modern whaling process -- from getting ready for the hunt and women cooking for male hunters to getting boats in the water and butchering the whale to celebrating a successful hunt.

Ryan emphasizes that the whales are shared with the whole community – Eskimos and non-Eskimos alike. “Yes, it’s fine to use the word Eskimo,” he quotes from one of the many reference books that he has on his bus.

But the heritage center seems much more casual and homelike than most national park sites. Girls hang around waiting to perform drumming and dancing only to learn that the drummers have gone to a drumming competition somewhere south and will not be able to join them.

Several artists lay out their wares - carvings, jewelry and dolls. They belong to Echospace, a native artist and cultural group. Lenny buys a pendant for his mother and just hands the artist cash – no accounting necessary. Gilford, one of the artists, explains that his grandfather owned a loon headdress that he wore for the Kalukaq ceremony, a special dance performed for the messenger feast. He shows me a picture of his grandfather and the headdress, which he donated to the museum.

Inupiat Heritage Center is an affiliated area to New Bedford Whaling National Historic Park in Massachusetts. In 1848, New Bedford was the whaling capital of the world. The oil barons of the day were the whaleship owners. Whale oil was used for city street lights and as a machine lubricant. Baleen, the bonelike filter in whales’ mouths, was considered the plastic of its time for ladies corsets, parasol ribs, fishing poles and many other products.

So it’s not surprising that whales in the Atlantic were disappearing fast. Whaling captains went further and further out and north until they collided with bowhead whales in the Arctic. New England whalers learned Inupiat whale hunting techniques; some married local women and stayed in Barrow.

The tour shows us the way people in Barrow live today. The tourists from Turkey are surprised and then annoyed to learn that the Inupiat people do not live in igloos but in wooden frame houses. The roads in Barrow, almost all unpaved, are full of pick-up trucks, ATVs, and motor bikes. The residents have cell phones and satellite TV like the rest of us.

People in the lower 48 don’t live in the 19th century. Why should the Inupiat?

At the high school, boys in football uniforms are doing wind sprints. As we approach the field, the coach shoos us away. “We have our first game in a couple of weeks. We don’t have time for visitors.” Yep, we may be on “top of the world,” but we’re still in the United States.

Comments

'The Inupiat culture depends on subsistence whaling – here subsistence means that the rural community traditionally hunted whales and can continue this practice under controlled conditions. The community is allowed to catch 21 whales in the spring and another 21 in the fall. '

'The tourists from Turkey are surprised and then annoyed to learn that the Inupiat people do not live in igloos but in wooden frame houses. The roads in Barrow, almost all unpaved, are full of pick-up trucks, ATVs, and motor bikes. The residents have cell phones and satellite TV like the rest of us.'

'People in the lower 48 don’t live in the 19th century. Why should the Inupiat?'

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Why should the Inupiat be permitted to hunt and kill whales for subsistence when they don't live 'traditionally' in the 19th century?

Subsistence may be the best and only valid argument for whaling. However, the supposed need to kill whales seems to be exaggerated when 25% of the (non-Inupiat) Barrow residents do just fine without it. Or when the whale hunters get to enjoy satellite TV, SUVs and Playstation 3s while snacking on animals that would otherwise enjoy protection of national and international laws.

If the Inupiat are going to change with the times instead of 'living traditionally' then they should give up the tradition of whaling and respect international conservation efforts.


What is the issue with whaling? If - and I take that for granted - it is OK to hunt for deer and elk, why is it taboo to hunt whales? Neither subsistence nor commercial whaling, where it is done (disguised as scientific in Japan), is about killing endangered species, but there are many whale species out there that can sustain some amount of hunting. So why do many accept fishing and hunting, but not whaling? Is it just because they look so cute and charismatic on TV?


Inupiat means "real" or "genuine." - Actually, it is the combination of two words: Inuk = person or human + piat = real. Together they mean real human. "Inupiat"also refers to the local Native dialect.

My wife and I moved to Barrow in 1961, to serve as teachers in the government operated elementary school. At that time it was a much smaller community where the dog team and skin covered canoes (umiak) were the principle means of surface transportation. In 1962, we moved to the much smaller village of Wainwright and remained there for three years. During those years I had the opportunity to hunt and travel with the village men by dog team and umiak. Whaling is certainly an important subsistence and cultural activity, but the harvest of seals, walrus and caribou is equally important.


Considering the death of Senator Ted Stevens, it is worth reflecting that without his support for this Heritage Center connected to the national park in New Bedford, it is likely one or both would not exist.


My understanding is the New Bedford national historical park bill was stuck in the Senate, but that the liaison by the NPS planners with the people in Barrow interested in the relationship between the two sites came to the attention of Senator Stevens. He then helped un-stick the legislation and included the connection to Barrow, AK.


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